IPSec and Cryptography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IPSec and Cryptography - Research Paper Example IPsec is essential since it offers various answers for virtual private Networking (VPN), by giving correspondence protection from untrusted organize like the web. Cryptography alludes to the difference in plaintext data into a coded structure. The point of cryptography is to offer the important security and wilderness access to private data. This paper offers an away from of the significant elements of IPsec corresponding to the cryptographic capacities utilized by the convention suite during the parcel trade process. The paper further examines the constraints of the IPsec according to the pre-owned calculations and assaults against IPsec. Elements of IPsec There are various capacities that the IPsec performs. In the first place, the IPsec is utilized for information secrecy. The capacity is accomplished by the IP sec sender encoding the information parcels preceding sending them to another system. The subsequent capacity is information trustworthiness. This requires the IPsec collec tor to verify the information bundles got from the IPsec sender so as to ensure the wellbeing of the got information parcels. The third capacity of IPsec is information validation. This empowers the IP sec recipient to affirm the cause of the sent IPsec parcels, in spite of the fact that the accomplishment of this capacity depends on the information administration. The replay work is the fourth capacity played by the IPSec (Pachghare, 2009). In the execution of this capacity the IP sec beneficiary is fit for detecting and dispensing with the rehashed parcels. The above administrations are offered at the IP layer, in this way they can be utilized at any upper layer convention. For example, TCP, UDP, and ICMP, just to make reference to a couple. The IP DOI is additionally liable for the arrangement of the IP pressure; this is accomplished through the encryption that is done in the IPsec. This blocks adequate pressure by the lower convention layers (Elkelany, 2002). At the IP layer, th e IPsec offers the essential security that permits the framework to pick the reasonable security conventions, set up the calculations to be utilized for the assignment and revamp the cryptographic keys expected to offer the application. IPsec are fit for giving adequate security to more than one way between an insurance door and host (Pachghare, 2009). IP sec can set up the zones that are helpless to assaults, in this way giving the fundamental security. This is accomplished by arranging confirmation records that are further interfaced in the crypto map sets (Pachghare, 2009). Now the traffic might be picked in basing on the inception and goal. There can be a few clients on a specific traffic, and simultaneously the crypto map set may have a few confirmation records. So as to ensure the security, a particular arrangement must be utilized while looking the crypto maps. The traffic as a rule attempts to coordinate the parcel so as to pick up permission. At the point when bundle gain i nduction to a particular information list, the relating crypto map is set apart as Cisco and the necessary associations made. IPsec is typically actuated at whatever point the crypto association is set apart as ipsec-isakmp. Without the SA that the IPsec can use to give the assurance to the influenced courses, the Internet Key Exchnage (IKE) is normally used to talk about with the confined clients so as to concoct the necessary IP sec to encourage the smooth spilling of data. The conversations are normally founded on the information indicated in the crypto m

The Treaty of Verdun

The Treaty of Verdun The Treaty of Verdun separated the domain that Charlemagne had incorporated with three parts, which would be administered by his three enduring grandsons. It is huge on the grounds that it not just denoted the start of the domains disintegration, it spread out the general limits of what might become singular country conditions of Europe. Foundation of the Treaty of Verdun Upon the demise of Charlemagne, his sole enduring child, Louis the Pious, acquired the whole Carolingian Empire. Be that as it may, Louis had a few children, and however he needed the domain to stay a strong entire, he separated and re-isolated the region with the goal that each might administer his own realm. The oldest, Lothair, was given the title of head, yet in the midst of the re-distributing and the rebellions that came about, his real magnificent force was seriously diminished. After the demise of Louis in 840, Lothair attempted to recover the force hed initially employed as sovereign, yet his two enduring siblings, Louis the German and ​Charles the Bald, united against him, and a wicked common war followed. Lothair was inevitably compelled to concede rout. After broad exchanges, the Treaty of Verdun was marked in August, 843. Terms of the Treaty of Verdun Under the conditions of the arrangement, Lothair was permitted to keep the title of ruler, however he not, at this point had any genuine authority over his siblings. He got the focal bit of the domain, which included pieces of present-day Belgium and a significant part of the Netherlands, some of eastern France and western Germany, a large portion of Switzerland, and a generous bit of Italy. Charles was given the western piece of the domain, which included a large portion of present-day France,and Louis took the eastern part, which included the vast majority of present-day Germany.

Free Essays on Music Censorship

Music Censorship: A Violation of The First Amendment â€Å"Eventually it was found that God did not need us to be no different. This was terrible news for the Governments of the World†¦ Humankind must be made all the more consistently if THE FUTURE was going to work out†¦It was about the opportunity that somebody came up with TOTAL CRIMINILATION, in view of the rule that in the event that we were ALL law breakers we could in any event be uniform to a few degree according to the law. Insightfully our administrators determined that a great many people were too lethargic to even think about performing a REAL CRIME. So new laws were produced making it workable for anybody to disregard them at any time or night†¦which is on of the reasons why music was in the end made ILLEGAL.† - Frank Zappa, liner notes from Joe’s Carport, Acts 2 (CBS, 1979) The main Amendment to the United States Constitution is as per the following: â€Å"Congress will make no law regarding a foundation of religion, or precluding the free exercise thereof; or condensing the ability to speak freely, or of the press; or the privilege of the individuals quietly to gather, and to request of the Government for a change of grievances† (Friendly). Music, similar to some other type of articulation in this nation, is shielded by the primary alteration from any individual who attempts to control it; and it would be an infringement of sacred rights to blue pencil music. Of the considerable number of rights and opportunities promised us in the Constitution, it is commonly concurred that those set out in the First Amendment are among the most essential and valuable. The primary revision is essentially the establishment of our Wentz 2 nation, and oversight has no spot in majority rule government. No administration, specific vested party, or individual ought to be permitted to prevent anybody the opportunity from claiming articulation. They can't be enabled to control what one decides to form, communicate or tune in to. Each individual has a correct t... Free Essays on Music Censorship Free Essays on Music Censorship Music Censorship? Webster characterizes music to be â€Å"a : the science or craft of requesting tones or sounds in progression, in mix, and in fleeting connections to deliver an organization having solidarity and coherence b : vocal, instrumental, or mechanical sounds having cadence, tune, or harmony,† and characterizes control as â€Å"examining so as to smother or erase anything considered objectionable†. Thusly music oversight is the endeavor to smother or change any piece of music that appears to be offensive to a specific gathering of individuals. From the beginning of time each headway in music is met with question. Bach’s complex harmonies and contradictions, Jazz, and Rock ‘n’ Roll have all been met with restriction that it has needed to get through. It is the equivalent with some of today’s confused and misconstrued music(Lombardi). The historical backdrop of oversight has been long really taking shape. The illumination in Europe was a period of scholarly incitement and expanding of however, which moved to the recently framing United States. It was in this timeframe that control by the administration was put to address. Individuals saw the vanity of restriction in a free society. Chivalrous figures from the eighteenth century including Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and James Madison all considered oversight to be a foe during the upset saying â€Å"†¦censorship mirrors an odd and oblivious past†¦.and represses social and logical progress†. The composers of the constitution needed to keep discourse and press free, yet in spite of these Enlightenment thoughts exemplified in the constitution restriction despite everything won. (Garry) In his book An American Paradox, Censorship in a Nation of Free discourse, Patrick Garry tells instances of when control fizzled and to the kindness of the restriction. In the principal model Garry recounts how in 1798 John Adams forced a law precluding analysis of the legislature. This law was intended to quietness the voice of th... Free Essays on Music Censorship Music Censorship From the stunning pelvis shaking of Elvis Presley in the 1950’s, to the much addressed verses of Eminem and Marilyn Manson of today, the music business has consistently had a method for working up debate in the United States (Zuckerman152). Some may contend that music is excessively brutal and unreasonably negative for today’s youth. To others, music is basically the right to speak freely of discourse. It’s articulation. The skirmish of music control has been battled tome and once more, and still there is by all accounts no goals to this discussion. The administration ought not reserve the privilege to edit music. A few people may utilize the impact of music as a contention to edit. Be that as it may, what is negative impact. Who chooses? Regardless of whether an individual finds a work revolting relies to a great extent upon their good or strict convictions. These perspectives change with every age and further muddle the restriction issue (Steffens 97). Strict or moral convictions affect how an individual feels about oversight, and as ages pass on the normal convictions on it might change. â€Å"They (Americans) might be bothered or offended, by mainstream society, however the surveys disclose to us they comprehends that the chief reasons for brutality and other national issues lie somewhere else then in the diversion industry† (Zuckerman 153). Is there any hard, strong proof that music has this astounding capacity to condition the adolescent and power them to overstep the law or end their life? Music isn't answerable for what turns out badly in the public eye. Numerous youngsters regularly hear express language from more seasoned kin or guardians at an early age. In the event that guardians can't blue pencil themselves before their own youngsters, they ought not reserve the privilege to edit another person. On the off chance that a parent takes their youngster to a record store and get them another collection, they should realize what they are buying by screening the collection first for any flawed substance. On the off chance that they don't care for the substance, they can generally return it to the store.... Free Essays on Music Censorship Music Censorship: A Violation of The First Amendment â€Å"Eventually it was found that God did not need us to be no different. This was awful news for the Governments of the World†¦ Humankind must be made all the more consistently if THE FUTURE was going to work out†¦It was about the opportunity that somebody came up with TOTAL CRIMINILATION, in light of the rule that on the off chance that we were ALL convicts we could at any rate be uniform to a few degree according to the law. Adroitly our officials determined that a great many people were too lethargic to even consider performing a REAL CRIME. So new laws were made making it feasible for anybody to damage them at any time or night†¦which is on of the reasons why music was in the end made ILLEGAL.† - Frank Zappa, liner notes from Joe’s Carport, Acts 2 (CBS, 1979) The main Amendment to the United States Constitution is as per the following: â€Å"Congress will make no law regarding a foundation of religion, or precluding the free exercise thereof; or condensing the ability to speak freely, or of the press; or the privilege of the individuals quietly to collect, and to appeal to the Government for a change of grievances† (Friendly). Music, similar to some other type of articulation in this nation, is shielded by the principal alteration from any individual who attempts to blue pencil it; and it would be an infringement of sacred rights to edit music. Of the considerable number of rights and opportunities promised us in the Constitution, it is commonly concurred that those set out in the First Amendment are among the most essential and valuable. The principal alteration is essentially the establishment of our Wentz 2 nation, and control has no spot in vote based system. No administration, particular vested party, or individual ought to be permitted to prevent anybody the opportunity from securing articulation. They can't be enabled to control what one decides to form, communicate or tune in to. Each individual has a correct t... Free Essays on Music Censorship Music Censorship in Today’s Society Music is the most compelling of all artistic expressions. It tends to be communicated in a huge number of ways relying upon the craftsman. At the point when music is edited, the opportunity from the excellent arrival of self-articulation is reallocated. Contemplations and emotions are the most holy belongings people have. The Constitution of the United States of America takes into consideration all to asseverate these sentiments and make them known to all who are eager to tune in. The main hindrance a craftsman ought to endure is one of his own manifestations. As per creator Martha Graham, â€Å"Music, similar to workmanship, reflects the general public that makes it, tunes in to it, and makes it a piece of life†¦censorship follows the equivalent principle†. At the point when music is edited, America has gotten unjustified. American offspring of today’s society know firsthand what it resembles to feel frail in reality as we know it where their voices regularly go unheard. Specific craftsmen/melodic gatherings use kids as their intended interest group. Regardless of whether it is through sexuality, verses in which teenagers feel they can relate, or other alluring viewpoints, for example, cash or costly vehicles and homes, young people are emphatically pulled in to them and the ways of life that they depict. The inquiry posed by many is â€Å"do kids gotten fixated on these stars to a point where it might make them briefly lose control of themselves?† The United States Government should expand its deduction before this sort of restriction is compelling or sensible. Lamentably, our administration singles out its fights dependent on the qualities of lobbyist and the expense of compromised re-appointment. The fact of the matter isn't if this reasoning is correct or wrong, the fact is the manner by which authority is permitted to direct what is suitable. Each

Patient Safety in Healthcare - Free Essay Example

Introduction and background Patient safety has always been the heart of healthcare practice and nursing through the history of medicine. However, all through the world occasional non-deliberate accidental harm occurs to patients looking for care. Such unfavourable incidents can occur at all levels of healthcare whether clinical or managerial, curative or preventive, and in general healthcare, or private. It may occur at any stage of management (radiology, laboratory, operating room, ward, or ICU). The WHO, at the meeting held on July 2006, in New Delhi, India, identified an adverse event as a separate unconnected incident associated with health care, which results in in-deliberate injury, illness, or death. Such incidents can be preventable as with contaminated injections. Published surveys on patient safety show that in industrialized advanced countries, more than half of these adverse events are preventable and occur because of a shortage in system or organization design or operation rather than because of poor performance of healthcare providing staff (WHO report, 2006). Harvard Medical Centre study in 1991 (after WHO report, 2006) was the first to draw the attention to the volume of patient safety problem. Based on medical records review, the rate of adverse event in three US medical centres ranged between 3.2 to 5.4 percent. In UK, the rate was 11.7 percent and in Denmark, the rate was 9 percent (WHO report, 2002). Results of recent studies suggest the rate is between 3.2 and 16.6 percent (per 100 hospital admissions). The situation in the less well-documented health care centres in the developing countries is more serious (WHO report, 2006). The cost of adverse events that endanger patient safety can be very high, considering all the aspects. It includes, loss of confidence and credibility and reputation of health care institutions, loss of enthusiasm and job gratification among the working staff. In addition, the cost includes damage to the patients and their relatives especially when taking defensive attitudes and keeping information hidden from patients families. Other added costs are those of prolonged hospital stay and increased medical expenses and those of lawsuit demands (WHO report, 2006). Objective The objective of this paper is to review, in brief, the problem of patient safety with particular attention to patient safety in the ICU being one of the essential patient care systems in a health care organization. Besides, the vulnerability of ICU patients augments the importance of patient safety concept. Methodology This thesis is a literature review study. The researcher performed an article search using the following internet databases: National Centre for Biotechnology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" National Library of Medicine à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" National Institutes for Health (NCBI), at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Medscape database, at https://www.medscape.com Amedeo: The Medical Literature Guide, at https://www.amedeo.com British Medical Journals, at https://group.bml.com/products/journals World health organization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Publications, at https://www.who.int/en/publications Yahoo and Google scholar general databases, site of .org, .gov and.edu only considered. Terms of search were patient safety, basics, and principles of patient safety, review of patient safety, patient safety in the ICU and the critically ill patient safety. Findings Patient safety event is a wide term; it does not only mean a medical error during the course of medical management and nursing. The Department of Health and Human Services, 2008, defined a patient safety event as an incident, which takes place during providing a health care service. It causes or may have caused a harmful outcome to the patient. It includes errors of not doing (omission) or errors of doing (commission), it also includes faults and mistakes of the patient care processes (involving drugs and equipments) or the environment where these processes are carried out. The phrase, one cannot manage what cannot be measured hold true for patient safety. One of the reasons of the lack of effective patient safety strategies is the need for a measurement tool to provide measures, consequently, reduce medical errors and improve patient safety. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) developed an array of Patient Safety Indicators planned to screen administr ative data for events related to patient safety. This list of indicators includes 16 situations where a threat to patient safety may occur during the course of healthcare delivery. Using this measurement tool shows that patient safety incident of highest rates are failure to rescue, decubitus ulcers and postoperative wound infection (which is specifically increased by 35% during the period 2002-2006) (Health Grades Inc, 2006). Infection control: An important part of patient safety Bruke, 2006, has provided a comprehensive review of infection control as an important aspect in patient safety strategy. Based on many studies, hospital acquired infection; in this context, alternatively called health care associated infection, is one the most frequent risks for patient safety in patients admitted to hospitals. The answer to the question of why it is an important aspect for patient safety lies in the fact that 5-10 percent of patients admitted to acute care hospitals acquire one or more nosocomial infection. In the US, 2 million patients acquire hospital infection every year with 90.000 deaths. This adds a cost of 4.5 to 5.7 billion US $ to the health care cost (Bruke, 2006). There are four types of hospital-acquired infections, which account for 80% of the total rate. These are infection associated with urinary catheterization, blood borne infection (usually with vascular invasive procedures), surgical wounds infections, and pneumonia (usually associated with the use of ventilators). Therefore, it is understandable that 25 per cent of these infections occur in the ICU (Bruke, 2006). The increased awareness of patient safety resulted in reorganizing the concepts of infection control and placing it in the domain of public health with consequent increased surveillance and epidemiological studies. It is true that recognizing risk factors allows clarification of what is adjustable and what is not, however modification of some terms is advisable. Instead of saying avoiding the use of catheters, we should recommend reducing the duration of use of catheters. Many other terms as use antibiotics intelligently, and training and staff education are hazy and indistinct, accordingly, tricky to employ (Bruke, 2006). Nursing practice and patient safety The report of the Institute of Medicine, 2004 (after Armstrong and Laschinger, 2006) recognized nursing role as pivotal to patient safety. The report suggests the degree of activity of hospital nurses and the extent of giving them authority to take part in decisions, directly affects the quality and perception of patient safety. The results of Armstrong and Laschinger, 2006 supported this assumption; they recommended that nurses should enjoy better communication and participation in decision-making. The responsibility of nurse managers, at the unit level, is even greater. They take part to establish nursing practices, which support patient safety culture, they also sustain professional nursing practices, and they should listen carefully to nurses relevant affairs. If nursing managers achieve their direct responsibilities, then they work with others in the healthcare establishment to make the organizational process better as regards limiting the nurses competence towards bet ter patient care. The result of Armstrong and Laschinger, 2006 suggested that nurse managers (nurse leaders) have the capability of developing patient safety in healthcare organizations. Medication management and patient safety Duthie and colleagues, 2004, analyzed the 108 reports submitted to the New York State Department of Health investigating the medical errors in New York State healthcare organizations. From quantitative viewpoint, their results suggested that nursing the first discipline to be involved in such errors and they provided the explanation that nurses are the end dispenser since they give the medications to patients directly. In addition, they showed that patients over 65 years are the most vulnerable to these errors, perhaps because of the increased number of medications prescribed at this age. From a qualitative viewpoint, they suggested that what may endanger patient safety is dispensing system malfunction, failure to rescue situations and working space limitations. They suggested the need to educational initiatives and pointing out possible dispensing system malfunctions. Adamski, 2005, suggested the following precautions to minimize medication errors: Monitoring how patients respond to medications as long as it is dispensed in the healthcare organization. Diagnosis and indication for a particular medication should be available in the patients progress notes, history or examination sheets. Clear order forms to dispense medications in order to ensure clear and mutual understanding among the prescribing physician, pharmacist, and thenurse who administers the medication. Davis and colleagues, 2006, examined the patient role in medication errors. They suggested that low literacy patients (up to 6th grade level) are more liable to misunderstand medications label instructions. However, they suggested that lower reading and writing skills and high number of medications prescriptions link separately to misunderstanding of instructions on medications labels. Hospital design and device purchase in patient safety strategies Reiling, 2005, suggested that building a hospital (whether new or relocated) around the principles of patient safety would have two important impacts on return of investment. First, it combines safety and efficiency, second, it reduces the costs of adverse effect and hospital stay therefore; reduces the patients cost on discharge. To achieve a safety cantered hospital design, Reiling, 2005, suggested that architects, engineers, contractors, heads of departments and executive managers should participate in discussions around what they need. There is no specific design but contributions of the whole team from the perspectives of patient safety culture are mandatory. Johnson and colleagues, 2004, examined the patient safety in purchasing equipment. They analysed purchasing decisions taken at three different healthcare centres. Johnson and other, 2004, assumed there were points of strengths and others of weaknesses. The points of weaknesses draw the attention to the necessi ty of having guidelines to help healthcare providers to assess issues of patient safety when purchasing medical devices. Patient safety in the ICU There are many reasons that make the ICU a special unit to look at specifically as regards patient safety. Of these reason, the patients are critically ill, which renders them vulnerable to the adverse effect of medical errors. Second, the great effort performed by nurses and internists with sometimes exhaustive shift work, which may result in sleep deprivation and possibly lack of concentration. Third, the diverse use of equipment (ventilators, catheters, monitors etc) and the invasive procedures sometimes adopted (emergency tracheotomy, central venous pressure or arterial-venous cannulation) which add to the risk of hospital-acquired infection or increase the incidence of adverse effects (Rothschild and others, 2005). Rothschild and colleagues, 2005 conducted a one-year prospective observation study as a part of Harvard Hours and Health Study (2002-2003). They designed their study as a multidisciplinary epidemiological study to portray both frequency and types of adver se effects in the ICU. The result were informative, there were 120 adverse events reported (80.5 per 1000 patient-day). Of the patients who suffered adverse effects, 13.8% suffered one adverse effect, and there were 16 life-threatening adverse effects. The commonest were respiratory, infection, and cardiovascular system (19%, 15%, and 12% respectively). The incidence of serious medical errors was 149.7 per 1000 patient-day of which, 11% were life threatening. Incident discovery was by direct observation in 62% of the cases and the patients nurses discovered 36 % of the cases. In 74.8% of cases, errors occurred during the course of treatment or a procedure. An intern failure to wash hands after attending a patient formed 51% of sterility hazards related to procedures. Although their results cannot be applied to all ICU units, yet it draws the attention to how frequent and how serious patient safety can be compromised in ICU units. At the same time, their result show how r esults of treatment in the ICU would improve, despite the hard work, if teams stick to unit protocols and principle of patient safety (Rothschild and others, 2005). Kho and others, 2005, used the Safety Climate Survey (a tool approved by the Institute of Health Care Improvement) to measure patient safety in four ICU units, 56.9% of those responded to the survey were nurses. Based on their results, they assumed that Safety climate survey and Safety culture scales are reliable tools to measure patient safety in ICU. Chang and other, 2005, suggest that reform of patient safety in the ICU should start by establishing physician and nurse leadership, once this is achieved, carrying out patient safety protocols becomes a matter of team effort and commitment to the concept. Identifying a specific group of patients to start with (as an example, patients on ventilators), planning carefully the procedures, and opening a communication channel among the staff should reach the best re sults. Following evaluation of what progress made, the next move is for another group of patients. At the end, this should provide synchronization among the staff that makes decision making in shortage of time easier and provides better training and education to the newly coming staff. Obstacles facing the implementation of patient safety Cook and colleagues, 2000, considered the complexity of healthcare as an overwhelming obstacle to achieve desired patient safety levels. Technical work in healthcare needs appropriate and quick decision making, critical to the patients safety at times, moreover, it is risky by nature. It is true that health practitioners whether physicians, nurse, technicians or other staff are trying to cope with this complexity, however this complexity creates a disparity in healthcare practice and nursing (they called it gap). Cook and colleagues assumed the means of improving patient safety is by supporting practitioners ability to perceive and cross these disparities, rather than making changes in authority or different roles with possible division of professional work force. The search and detection of these disparities or gaps as a research goal should make the breakthrough in patient safety achievements. During this research pursuit, disparities indicate areas of weaknesses and sus ceptibility and may elicit the means complexity flows through health care systems to patients (Cook and colleagues, 2000). Amalberti and colleagues, 2005, identified five system barriers to even safer healthcare; the first is regulations, which significantly limit the risk allowed, thus, limiting maximum performance of healthcare givers. There is a real need for proper balance between the industrial notions to get a high productivity whatever it takes, and the concepts of patient safety culture. Doing that, researchers should take into consideration the economic troubles of the healthcare system and the spontaneous drive of productivity among healthcare workers. Second, other important issues need dealing with before or in conjunction with the issue of patient safety, an important example to these issues is the need for standardization of healthcare practice and nursing. Third, the core of healthcare work is synchronization among practitioners, therefore recommendations s hould stress on teamwork and opening communication channels among the healthcare staff, instead of trying to reach optimal performance of each organizational level separately. The fourth obstacle is the need for system-level mediation to improve patient safety planning. References WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (2006). Working Paper: Promoting Patient Safety At Healthcare Institutions. Retrieved 28/04/2008, from https://www.searo.who.int/en/sea/pdm/meet.43/TD/1.3-Rev.1.pdf WHO Secretariat report (2002). Quality of care: patient safety. Retrieved 30/04/2008, from https://www.who.int/en/publications Department of Health and Human Services. (2008). Patient Safety and Quality Improvement. Washington DC: Federal Register. Vol.73 (29): 8112-8183. Health Grades Inc. (2006). Third Annual Patient Safety in American Hospital Study. Golden, Colorado. Bruke, J. P. (2006). Infection Control A Problem for Patient Safety. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348 (7), 651-656. Armstrong. K J. and Laschinger H (2006). Structural Empowerment, Magnet Hospital Characteristics, and Patient Safety Culture: Making the Link. J Nurs Care Qual, 21 (2), 124-132. Duthie E, Favreau B, Ruperto A et al. (2004). Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Medication Errors: The New York Experience. Advances in Patient Safety, Vol. 1, 131-144. Adamski P (2005). Medication Management: A patient safety priority. Nurs Manag, 36 (10), 14. Davis T C. Wolf M S. Bass P F. et al (2006). Literacy and Misunderstanding Prescription Drug Labels. Annals of Internal Medicine, 145 (12), 887-894. Reiling J G. (2005). Creating a Culture of Patient Safety through Innovative Hospital Design. Advances in Patient Safety, Vol. 2, 425-439 Johnson T R., Zhang J., Patel V L. et al (2004). The Role of Patient Safety in the Device Purchasing Process. Advances in Patient Safety, Vol. 1, 341-352. Rothschild J M., Landrigan, C P., Cornin J W. et al (2005). The Critical Care Safety Study: The Incidence and Nature of Adverse Events and Serious Medical Errors in Intensive Care. Crit Care Med, 33 (8), 1694-1700. Kho M E, Carbone J M, Lucas J and Cook D J (2005). Safety Climate Survey: reliability of results from a multicenter ICU survey. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 14, 273-278. Chang, S.Y., Multz, A. S. and Hall, J. B (2005). Critical Care Organization. Critical Care Clinics. Vol. 21 (5), 43-53 Cook R I. Render M. and Woods D. D (2000). Gaps in the continuity of care and progress on patient safety. BMJ, 320 (7237), 791-794. Amalberti, A, Auroy, Y, Berwick, D and Barach, P (2005). Five System Barriers to Achieving Ultrasfe Health care. Annals of Internal Medicine. Vol. 142 (9), 756-764 Wilson, A R., Dowd, B E. and Kralweski, J E. (2005). Patient Safety Research in Medical Group Practices: Measurement and Data Challenges. Advances in Patient Safety, Vol. 2, 51-62 Woolf, S H. (2004). Patient Safety Is Not Enough: Targeting Quality Improvements To Optimize the Health of the Population. Ann Inter Med, Vol. 140, 33-36 Baxter, S K and Brumfitt, SM (2008). Benefits and Losses: a qualitative study exploring healthcare staff perception of teamworking. Quality and Safety in Health Care, Vol.17, 127-130 Pstay, B M. and Bruke, S P. (2006). Protecting the Health of the Public: Institute of Medicine Recommendations on Drug Safety. The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 355, 1753-1755

Bipolar And Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay - 781 Words

Elizabeth Mejia November 10, 2015 ELA-9 period-5 Bipolar v. Dissociative Identity Disorder Informative Essay Several people mix and confuse some of the causes and symptoms of Bipolar disorder and Dissociative Identity disorder. While both disorders do share certain symptoms, the differences could not be more prominent. Both disorders have similar causes, symptoms and treatment options. There are cases where the disorders have taken over, or they have become a part of people’s everyday lives. Although you might want to feel sympathy for those who have been diagnosed, many of the people lead perfectly happy and normal lives. Bipolar disorder and D.I.D. have alike causes, but there are noticeable differences as well. For example, there are no real singular cause for either of them. Some cases of both disorders have reported that traumatic events can lead to these disorders. However, it is more common for those who are affected by the manic-depressive illness to receive the disorder through family genes. Unlike those who are bipolar, it is much more common to have dissociative identity among those who were physically or sexually abused as a child or young age. Contrary to belief D.I.D. is actually quite rare. There only about 200,000 U.S. cases per year. That is only about 1%-3% of America’s population. Which in contrast to bipolar disorder, which has about 3,000,000 million U.S. cases per year, D.I.D is much less common. Symptoms for the two are more alike than youShow MoreRelatedBipolar And Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay728 Words   |  3 Pages Elizabeth Mejia November 10, 2015 ELA-9 period-5 Bipolar v. Dissociative Identity Disorder Informative Essay Several people mix and confuse some of the causes and symptoms of Bipolar disorder and Dissociative Identity disorder. While both disorders do share certain symptoms, the differences could not be more prominent. Both disorders have similar causes, symptoms and treatment options. There are cases where the disorders have taken over, or they have become a part of people’s everyday lives. AlthoughRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesMany have confused schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with dissociative identity disorder. Bipolar disorder also known as manic-depression is a fairly common disorder when compared to schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder. It is also well-understood and treated by a combination of medications and psychotherapy.It is characterized by alternating moods of mania and depression. These usually last weeks or even months depending on the person. People who are manic have a high energy level an dRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Deep Rooted Sickness1527 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder is a deep rooted sickness. 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There are various categ ories of psychological disorders including, anxiety disorder, somatoform disorder, dissociative disorder, mood disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, personalityRead MoreDissociative Disorders863 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dissociative Disorders category of the DSM-IV-TR, is characterized by a disruption in the functions of perception, identity, consciousness, or memory. The disorders in the Dissociative Disorders category include Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), Depersonalization Disorder and Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. 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Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states. The multiple personalities differ in many areas including affect, behavior, memory, perception, cognition, and sensory and motor functi on. The disorder causes great distress and/or impairment in the individualRead MoreEssay about Psychological Disorders1399 Words   |  6 PagesPsychological Disorders’ Presentation â€Å"Psychological disorders are behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or impaired functioning (Nevid amp; Rathus, 2005).† Many people battle different kinds of disorders ranging from anxiety, dissociative, somatoform, moodiness, schizophrenia, personality, and many other disorders (Nevid amp; Rathus, 2005). 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They make the lives of people who have them very difficult and stressful. They do understand though when people are being mean; they might not understand why, but they know you’re not being kind. Dissociative identity disorder is an illness that takes place when two or more distinctly different

The Republic by Plato Essay - 5378 Words

The Republic by Plato At the beginning of Book I, we are introduced to the narrator, Socrates, and his audience of peers. We are made aware, however, of Socrates special charm and intellectual gifts through the insistence of Polemarchus and the other men for the pleasure of his company. The tone is casual and language and modes of expression rather simple, as is commonly the case in Platos dialogues. However, Platos unaffected style serves at least two purposes. For one it belies the complexity and elevation of the ideas, thus it is in accord with Socrates characteristic irony itself, which draws the quot;foolquot; in by feigned ignorance, only so that the master can show that he does not know what he thinks he knows. And second,†¦show more content†¦Socrates response (another question) clarifies his epistemology: quot;how can anyone answer who knows, and says that he knows, just nothingquot; What Socrates knows is incommunicable other than to say that he knows nothing. His philosophical speculat ions embody a process rather than a philosophy. That is, Socrates method is in accord with the nature of inquiry and of intellectual exploration itself: he is his style. And, acutely aware of this fact, Socrates repels every temptation toward dogma, characterized by Thrasymachus complaints. The second definition of justice, obedience to the interest of the stronger, is Thrasymachus veiled justification for tyranny (might is right), and is foreshadowed in his indecorous demand for payment. He is portrayed in sharp contrast to Socrates, who suggests that the stronger may not always know his own interest; therefore, at times, it is necessary for the weaker to disobey him. Socrates then successfully upsets the definition by demonstrating that, insofar as his role is an art, a ruler acts in the best interest of his subjects, as exemplified by the physician for his patients and the captain for his crew. Still unresolved, the debate moves into a second stage, where tyranny, or perfect injustice, and benevolent rule, or perfect justice, are evaluated against one another. Again, through a series of examples, Socrates prevails--the unjust mans pride and ambition are shown to be weaknesses,Show MoreRelatedThe Republic By Plato1341 Words   |  6 PagesIn book X of The Republic, Plato uses Socrates as his voice to discuss the topic of poetry in his ideal society. While he sees music and gymnastics as vital parts of society, he sees poetry as something that’s not only unnecessary, but also harmful. Glaucon is surprised by this and questions the reasons Socrates has this way of thinking. Socrates states that â€Å"all such poetry is likely to distort the thought of anyone who hears it, unless he has the knowledge of what it is really like†. Here, SocratesRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato2010 Words   |  9 Pages In The Republic, Plato presents a dialogue of Socrates, in whi ch he seeks to uncover truths about what constitutes a just society, and what kind of men would rule such a society. As such a society would require a sound government, Plato, through Socrates, presents five possible types of governments, which involve varying levels of liberty and justice. Although the arguments demonstrate that aristocracy is the ideal form of government, all forms of government have fatal flaws that lead to continualRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato1412 Words   |  6 PagesIn Plato’s book, â€Å"The Republic†, there are many examples of rhetoric. In regards to the controversial topic of women and eugenics in which Plato is almost forced into mentioning because of Adeimantus and Glaucon, he uses various rhetorical statements to portray his view on the matter. His readers believe women should be equal, so Plato attempts to persuade his readers into thinking he believes the same. For example, in the passage on women and family Plato states, â€Å"we s hall assign these to each accordingly;Read MoreThe Republic by Plato1645 Words   |  7 Pages In Plato’s Republic Book 1, Thrasymachus argues that morality is the advantage of the stronger. To support his view, Thrasymachus first claims that the governments, which are the stronger parties, always pass laws based on their own interest, and then argues that subjects must always obey these laws, therefore morality is the advantage of the stronger. Socrates gives two sets of counter arguments. First, by differentiating apparent advantage and actual advantage to the stronger, SocratesRead MoreThe Republic by Plato1202 Words   |  5 Pagesupon, as explained by Socrates in Plato’s Republic. Throughout the eight books of Socratic dialogue the ideal state and ideas of justice are debated, on both individual and state levels. The guidelines for a perfect state and how it will come about are thoroughly described. Socrates covers every aspect of political life and ho w it should work stating that â€Å"until power and philosophy entirely coincide†¦ cities will have no rest form evils† . In Plato’s Republic Socrates emphasizes the superiority of theRead MoreThe Republic by Plato1411 Words   |  6 PagesAfter reading The Republic there are three main points that Plato had touched on. The first of these three points is that Plato is disheartened with democracy. It was due to Socrates’ untimely death during Athens’ democracy that led to his perception of the ideal state as referred to in The Republic. Plato perceived that the material greed was one of the many evils of politics; in Plato’s eyes greed was one of the worst evils of political life. Thus economic power must be separated from politicalRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato1250 Words   |  5 Pages In his text, The Republic, Plato leads us through an elaborate thought experiment in which he creates the ideal city. Throughout The Republic Plato construc ts the laws and societal structures of what he deems will lead to a high functioning society. He names this city Kallipolis. A cornerstone of Kallipolis’ structure is Plato’s principle of specialization. The Principle of Specialization argues that each member of society must do the job in which he is best suited. Plato explains â€Å"The result,Read MoreThe Republic, By Plato1500 Words   |  6 PagesThis textual analysis will be based on the book â€Å"The Republic† by Plato, specifically the passage 475d-477a. The purpose of this essay is to analyze and evaluate the main concepts explored in the passage and their relation to the platonic political philosophy presented in â€Å"The Republic†. The essay will provide a summary of the passage, emphasizing the breakthroughs reached in the Socratic dialogue. The main points will then be singled out for a more in-depth review in order to see if the argumentsRead MoreThe Republic By Plato1385 Words   |   6 Pages In Book IV of The Republic, written by Plato, Socrates makes an argument for why an individual should strive to be just, or more importantly, why being just is more profitable than being unjust to the individual. The three parts of an individual: rational, spirited, and appetitive, must all strive to pursue truth in the just individual, but it is possible that this requirement may not be met while still profiting the individual. Through an analogy between justice in the city and justiceRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato1255 Words   |  6 Pageswas just beginning to surface as a notable substance within various societies. Athens, was perhaps, the greatest nesting ground of intellectual thought, and it hosted many great minds, such as Plato. While Plato is famous for many of his works, The Republic is the most read and circulated. In the Republic, Plato lays out two philosophical questions through a character named Socrates. Both questions re-occur as the foundation of dialogue among st other characters, such as Glaucon, Adeimantus, and Polemarchus

Civil Rights Affect on Literature free essay sample

To most people this question would evoke joyful feelings of patriotism. Most people you would think of freedom, liberty, the pursuit of happiness, and the belief that in this great nation, people are treated with the thought in mind that all men are created equal. However, until very recently in this country this was not the case. African Americans in this country were the subject of vicious, hateful, racial discrimination. They were treated without a hint of human decency and were segregated from the rest of American society. The South’s â€Å"Jim Crow Laws† forced blacks into â€Å"separate but equal† schools, forced them to eat in different restaurants, stay in different hotels, and even drink from different water fountains. (history. com) In the 1960’s, more and more brave African Americans began to step forward and let their voices be heard in the name of freedom, and through this struggle for freedom, much great American literature was created. The writings at the time of the civil rights movement provided perspective on what black Americans were going through at the time, and also helped educate the masses on what the leaders of this movement felt needed to be changed. One of these books was â€Å"The Autobiography of Malcolm X†. In it, one of the most influential, controversial, outspoken civil rights leaders opens up about his personal life, but also, his beliefs on the issue of race in America. Malcolm was known for his sometimes extreme views on black people reaching equality. However his autobiography was written at a time when he relented slightly on his unwillingness to cooperate with other races. He is quoted in it as saying: â€Å"Despite my firm convictions, I have been always a man who tries to face facts, and to accept the reality of life as new experience and new knowledge unfolds it. I have always kept an open mind, which is necessary to the flexibility that must go hand in hand with every form of intelligent search for truth. † (X) A quote like this was greatly important to ease white America’s fear of what people like Malcolm X stood for. Literature such as this book was an eye opener for many people. Without writings such as this, many Americans would see parts of the civil rights movement as a gathering of militant African Americans willing to kill for their freedom. The fact that this man showed his open mind, and the fact that he came to the understanding he had to change, helped turn many people to the cause of black people’s freedom. Another important aspect of writing during this movement, was that for oppressed black people, it could offer an alternative to violent revolution. Just as black people had done with slavery years ago, they needed to write, speak, and preach their struggle, not just rebel without explanation. (history. com) African Americans at the time also needed inspiration from prominent leaders to find the courage to stand up for their rights. In Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s 1964 book: â€Å"Why We Can’t Wait†, King includes a letter he wrote in a Birmingham jail, after he was arrested for organizing a non-violent protest in the area. (history. om) The letter tries to incite a sense of responsibility in the black community, and preaches that good people can’t stand idly by while injustice reigns. In the words of Dr. King, â€Å"Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a sin gle garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial â€Å"outside agitator† idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds. Human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability; it comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be co-workers with God, and without this hard work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation. † Quotes like this show the power of writing in times of struggle. Dr. King realized that he needed to get his message across to a vast group of people to achieve any great success. He understood that it took more than a few great speakers and prominent leaders to create any real change. King) This displays how truly important literature was for a movement to gain any momentum. The civil rights movement in America was one of the most impactful events in the country’s history. Leaders who tried to break free from the cycle of oppression and segregation, and fought valiantly for the freedom of themselves and their people, not only changed the world around them, they also wrote, and inspired some of the most important and influential literature of all time. The movement affected literature by allowing voices to be heard. It provided a chance for talented black authors, journalists, and poets to speak out against injustice, and open the eyes of Americans of all races to the struggle of an African American living as a second class citizen, in the same nation that preached of freedom for all people. Authors of the time illuminated the hypocrisy of a supposedly â€Å"free nation† treating black people like animals 100 years after the emancipation proclamation. All in all, the civil rights movement affects literature even until today because it even further emphasized the idea that writing can inspire people to do extraordinary things.